Dr. Gray

Description: This course will primarily focus upon the comparative study of state politics: i.e., using the comparative method to analyze political behavior, institutions, and public policy across states. Due to the constraints of the quarter system, we will spend little time on intergovernmental relations.

Texts: Material denoted by asterisk will be placed in the departmental library (12th floor).

Requirements: On April 14 a short paper (3-5 pages, typewritten) and oral report is due in class. Each student will select a book from the classic regional studies or the single state studies and report on that book.

The other assignment allows you to specialize according to your interests. Each week one student will do some of the recommended reading and report to the class. On June 2 a paper of about 10 pages (typed) is due. This paper should critically examine the recommended and common reading already reported on.

There will be an open book exam (4-8 hours) during finals weeks. Performance on the two papers, oral reports, class participation, and the final exam will be considered in arriving at the course grade, with the final being weighted more heavily.

March 31 Introduction to the Field

Read: *Brace and Jewett, "Field Essay: The State of State Politics Research," Political Research Quarterly, 48 (Sept., 1995): 643-682.

Recommended: Jewell, "The Neglected World of State Politics," JOP, 44 (August, 1982): 638-657; Gray, Hanson, and Jacob, Politics in the American States, 7th ed. (1999); Van Horn, The State of the States, 3rd ed. (1996).

April 7 Regionalism and Political Culture

Read: *Key, Southern Politics in State and Nation, ch. 14; *Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States, 3rd edition, ch. 5; *Hanson, "The Political Acculturation of Migrants in the American States," Western Political Quarterly, 45 (June 1992): 355-384; *Hero and Tolbert, "A Racial/Ethnic Diversity Interpretation of Politics and Policy in the States of the U.S., AJPS, 40 (August, 1996): 851-871.

Recommended: Classic Regional Studies--Lockard, New England State Politics; Fenton, Midwest Politics; Matthews and Prothro, Negroes and the New Southern Politics; Fenton, Politics in the Border States.

Recent Regional or State Studies: Black and Black, Politics and Society in the South (1987); Peirce and Hagstrom, The Book of America (1984); Hagstrom, Beyond Reagan (1988); Nardulli (ed.), Diversity, Conflict, and State Politics: Regionalism in Illinois (1989); Thomas (ed), Politics and Public Policy in the Contemporary American West (1992); Thomas and Stewart, Alabama Government and Politics (1988); Blair, Arkansas Politics and Government (1988); Palmer, Taylor, and LiBrizzi, Maine Politics and Government (1992); Krane and Shaffer, Mississippi Government and Politics (1992); Morgan, England, and Humphreys, Oklahoma Politics and Policies (1991); Fleer, North Carolina Government and Politics (1994); Miller, Kentucky Politics and Government (1994); McBeath and Morehouse, Alaska Politics and Government (1994); Salmore and Salmore, New Jersey Politics and Government (1993); Cronin and Loevy, Colorado Politics and Government (1993); Graham and Moore, South Carolina Politics and Government (1994); Browne and VerBurg, Michigan Politics and Government (1995); Gove and Nowlan, Illinois Politics and Government (1996); Driggs and Goodall, Nevada Politics and Government (1996); Liebschutz, New York Politics and Government (1998); Elazar, Gray, and Spano, Minnesota Politics and Government (forthcoming, 1999).

Political Culture: Johnson, "Political Culture in American States: Elazar's Formulation Examined," AJPS, 20 (Aug. 1976): 491-510; Hanson, "Political Culture, Interparty Competition, and Political Efficacy," Publius, 10 (Spring, 1980): 17-36 and rest of special issue; Patterson, "The Political Cultures of the American States," JOP, (Feb., 1968): 187-209; Sharkansky, "The Utility of Elazar's Political Cultures," Polity, 2 (Fall, 1969): 703-721; Fitzpatrick and Hero, "Political Culture and Political Characteristics of the American States: A Consideration of Some Old and New Questions," WPQ, 41 (March, 1988): 145-153; Lowery and Sigelman, "Political Culture and State Public Policy: The Missing Link," WPQ; Nardulli, "Political Subcultures in the American States," APQ, 18 (July 1990): 287-315; Morgan and Wilson, "Diversity in the American States: Updating the Sullivan Index," Publius, 20 (Winter 1990): 71-81; Meier and Holbrook, "'I Seen My Opportunities and I Took 'Em:' Political Corruption in the American States," JOP, 54 (Feb., 1992): 135-155; *Erikson, McIver, and Wright, "State Political Culture and Public Opinion", APSR, 81 (Sept., 1987): 797-814; Cook, Jelen, and Wilcox, "State Political Cultures and Public Opinion About Abortion," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993): 771-782; Sharkansky, Regionalism in American Politics (1970); Lieske, "Regional Subcultures of the United States," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993): 888-913; Hero, Faces of Inequality (1998).

April 14 Political Parties

Read: *Hill and Leighley, "The Policy Consequences of Class Bias in State Electorates," AJPS, 36 (May 1992): 351-366; *Jackson, "The Mobilization of U.S. State Electorates in the 1988 and 1990 Elections," JOP, 59 (May 1997): 520-537; *Paddock, "Explaining State Variation in Interparty Ideological Differences," PRQ, 51 (Sept., 1998): 765-780.

Recommended: General: Jewell and Olson, Political Parties and Elections in American States, 3rd ed.

Turnout--Kim, Petrocik, Enokson, "Voter Turnout Among the American States: Systemic and Individual Components," APSR, 69 (March 1975): 107-131; Luttbeg, "Attitudinal Components of Turnout Decline: Where Have Some States' Voters Gone?", SSQ, 66 (2, 1985): 434-443; Sigelman, Roeder, Jewell, and Baer, "Voting and Nonvoting: A Multi-Election Perspective," AJPS, 29 (November 1985): 749-765; Caldeira and Patterson, "Contextual Influences on Participation in U.S. State Legislative Elections," LSQ, 7 (August 1982): 359-381; Patterson and Caldeira, "Getting Out the Vote: Participation in Gubernatorial Elections," APSR, 77 (September 1983): 675-689; Tucker, "Contextual Models of Participation in U.S. State Legislative Elections," WPQ, 39 (March 1986): 67-78; Gray, "A Note on Turnout in the American States," JOP, 38 (Feb., 1976): 153-158; Austin, Clubb, Flanigan, Granda, and Zingale, "Electoral Participation in the United States, 1968-86," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991): 145-164; Bauer, "Patterns of Voter Participation in the American States," SSQ, 71 (Dec., 1990): 824-834; Nagler, "The Effect of Registration Laws and Education on U.S. Voter Turnout," APSR, 85 (Dec., 1991): 1393-1406; Leighley and Nagler, "Individual and Systemic Influences on Turnout: Who Votes? 1984," JOP, 54 (Aug., 1992): 718-740; Hill and Leighley, "Mobilizing Institutions and Class Representation in U.S. State Electorates," PRQ, 47 (March, 1994): 137-150; Hill, Democracy in the Fifty States (1994); ; Nagel and McNulty, "Partisan Effects of Voter Turnout in Senatorial and Gubernatorial Elections," APSR, 90 (Dec., 1996): 780-793; Knack, "Does 'Motor Voter' Work: Evidence from State-Level Data," JOP, 57 (Aug, 1995): 796-811; Hill and Leighley, "Political Parties and Class Mobilization in Contemporary United States Elections," AJPS, 40 (Aug, 1996): 787-804; Hill and Leighley, "Party Ideology, Organization, and Competitiveness as Mobilizing Forces in Gubernatorial Elections," AJPS, 37 (Nov. 1993): 1158-1178; *Hill, Leighley, & Hinton-Andersson, "Lower-Class Mobilization and Policy Linkage in the U.S. States," AJPS, 39 (Feb, 1995): 75-86; correction by Ringquist, Hill, Leighley, & Hinton-Andersson, AJPS, 41 (Jan. 1997): 339-344.

Party Organization: Gibson, Cotter, Bibby, "Assessing Party Organizational Strength," AJPS, 28 (May 1983): 193-222; Huckshorn, Gibson, Cotter, Bibby, "Party Integration and Party Organizational Strength," JOP, 48 (1986): 976-991; Gibson, Frendreis, Vertz, "Party Dynamics in the 1980s: Change in County Party Organizational Strength, 1980-1984," AJPS, 33 (Feb., 1989): 67-90; Cotter, Gibson, Bibby, & Huckshorn, Party Organizations in American Politics (1984); ACIR, The Transformation in American Federalism (1986); Dwyre and Stonecash, "Where's The Party?," APQ, 20 (July 1992): 326-344.

Party Ideology etc: Paddock, "Beyond the New Deal: Ideological Differences Between Eleven State Democratic Parties, 1956-1980," WPQ, 43 (#1, 1990): 181-190; Paddock, "Inter-Party Ideological Differences in Eleven State Parties: 1956-1980," WPQ, 45 (Sept., 1992): 751-760; Beck, Baum, Clausen, and Smith, "Patterns and Sources of Ticket Splitting in Subpresidential Voting," APSR, 86 (Dec., 1992): 916-928; Norrander, "Explaining Cross-State Variation in Independent Identification," AJPS, 33 (May, 1989): 516-536; Brown and Wright, "Elections and State Party Polarization," APQ, 20 (Oct., 1992): 411-426; Moakley (ed.), Party Realignment and State Politics (1992).

Campaign Finance: Jones and Borris, "Strategic Contributing in Legislative Campaigns: The Case of Minnesota, "LSQ, 10 (Feb., 1985): 89-105; Huckshorn, "Who Gave It? Who Got It?: The Enforcement of Campaign Finance Laws in the States," JOP, 47 (3, 1985): 773-789; Jones, "Financing State Elections, in Michael J. Malbin (ed.), Money and Politics in the United States (Chatham House, 1984): 172-213; Jones and Hopkins, "State Campaign Fund Raising: Targets and Response," JOP, 47 (May 1985): 427-449; Jones, "State Public Campaign Finance: Implications for Partisan Politics," AJPS, 25 (May 1981): 342-361; Thompson, Cassie, and Jewell, "A Sacred Cow or Just a Lot of Bull? Party and PAC Money in State Legislative Elections," PRQ, March, 1994): 223-238; Thompson and Moncrief, Campaign Finance in State Legislative Elections (1998); Malbin and Gais, The Deay After Reform: Sobering Campaign Finance Lessons from the American States (1998).

Interparty Competition: Tucker, "Interparty Competition in the American States," APQ, 10 (Jan., 1982): 93-116; Ray and Havick, "A Longitudinal Analysis of Party Competition in State Legislative Elections," AJPS, 25 (Feb., 1981): 119-128; Feigert, "Postwar Changes in State Party Competition," Publius, 15 (Winter 1985): 99-112; Grau, "Competition in State Legislative Primaries," LSQ, 6 (Feb., 1981): 35-54; Barrilleaux, "A Dynamic Model of Partisan Competition in the American States," AJPS, 30 (Nov., 1986): 822-840; Key, American State Politics (1967); King, "Interparty Competition in the American States: An Examination of Index Components," WPQ, 42 (#3, 1989): 83-92; Holbrook and van Dunk, "Electoral Competition in the American States," APSR, 87 (Dec., 1993): 955-962; Aistrup, "State Legislative Party Competition: A County Level Measure," PRQ, 46 (June, 1993): 433-446; Patterson and Caldeira, "The Etiology of Partisan Competition," APSR, 78 (Sept., 1984): 691-707

April 21 Interest Groups and Lobbying

Read: *Nownes and Freeman, "Interest Group Activity in the States," JOP, 60 (Feb., 1998): 86-112; *Lowery and Gray, "The Population Ecology of Gucci Gulch or the Natural Regulation of Interest Group Numbers in the American States," AJPS, 39 (Feb. 1995): 1-29; *Lowery and Gray, "The Demography of Interest Organization Communities: Institutions, Associations, and Membership Groups," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995): 3-32

Recommended: Lobbying: Hrebenar & Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the American West (1987); Browne, "Variations in the Behavior and Style of State Lobbyists and Interest Groups," JOP, 47 (May 1985): 450-468; Zeigler and Baer, Lobbying: Interaction and Influence in American State Legislatures (1969); Froman, "Some Effects of Interest Group Strength in State Politics," APSR 60 (Dec., 1966): 952-962; Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Southern States (1992); Rosenthal, The Third House: Lobbyists and Lobbying in the States (1992); Wiggins, Hamm, and Bell, "Interest Group and Party Influence Agents in the Legislative Process: A Comparative State Analysis," JOP, 54 (Feb., 1992): 82-100; Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Northeastern States (1993); Hrebenar and Thomas, Interest Group Politics in the Midwestern States (1993).

Interest Group Systems: Morehouse, State Politics, Parties, and Policy (1981); Hunter, Wilson, and Brunk, "Societal Complexity, and Interest-Group Lobbying in the American States," JOP, 53 (May, 1991): 488-503; Lowery and Gray, "The Density of State Interest Group Systems," JOP, 55 (Feb., 1993): 191-206; Gray and Lowery, "Interest Group System Density and Diversity: A Research Update," International Political Science Review, 15 (Jan., 1994): 5-14; Gray and Lowery, "Stability and Change in State Interest Group Systems: 1975-1990," State and Local Government Review, 25, (Spring, 1993): 87-96; Gray and Lowery, "The Diversity of State Interest Group Systems, " Political Research Quarterly, 46, (March 1993): 81-97; Gray and Lowery, "Reflections on the Study of Interest Groups in the States," in Crotty, Schwartz, and Green (eds.), Interest Representation and Interest Groups, (1993): 57-66; Lowery and Gray, "The Nationalization of State Interest Group System Density and Diversity," SSQ, 75 (June, 1994): 368-377; Lowery and Gray, "How Some Rules Just Don't Matter: The Regulation of Lobbyists," Public Choice, 91 (April 1997): 139-147; ; Gray and Lowery, "A Niche Theory of Interest Representation," JOP, 58 (Feb., 1996): 91-111; Gray and Lowery, "Life in a Niche: Mortality Anxiety Among Organized Interests in the American States," PRQ, 50 (March 1997): 25-47; Gray and Lowery, "Environmental Limits on the Diversity of State Interest Organization Systems: A Population Ecology Interpretation," PRQ, 49 (March 1996): 103-118; Gray and Lowery, The Population Ecology of Interest Representation: Lobbying Communities in the American States (1996); Lowery and Gray, "The Dominance of Institutions in Interest Representation: A Test of Seven Explanations," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998): 231-255; Gray and Lowery, "The Density of State Interest-Communities: Do Regional Variables Matter?" Publius, 28 (Spring 1998): 61-79.

April 28 Governors

Read: *Chubb, "Institutions, The Economy, and the Dynamics of State Elections," APSR, 82 (March 1988): 133-154; *Squire and Fastnow, "Comparing Gubernational and Senatorial Elections," PRQ, 47 (Sept., 1994): 705-720; *Niemi, Stanley, & Vogel, "State Economies and State Taxes: Do Voters Hold Governors Accountable?," AJPS, 39 (Nov., 1995): 936-957.

Recommended: Gubernatorial Careers: Sabato, Goodbye to Good-time Charlie, 2nd ed. (1983); Codispoti, "The Governorship-Senate Connection: A Step in the Structure of Opportunities Grows Weaker," Publius, 17 (Spring 1987): 41-52; Schlesinger, Political Parties and the Winning of Office (1991); Schlesinger, Ambition and Politics (1966), chs. 1-3.

Elections--Tidmarch, Hyman, Sorkin, "Press Issue Agendas in the 1982 Congressional and Gubernatorial Election Campaigns," JOP, 46 (Nov. 1984): 1226-1242; Cohen, "Gubernatorial Popularity in Nine States," APQ, 11 (April 1983): 219-235; NcNitt and Seroka, "Intraparty Challenges of Incumbent Governors and Senators: 1956-1976," APQ, 9 (July 1981): 321-340; Tompkins, "The Electoral Fortunes of Gubernatorial Incembents: 1947-1981," JOP, 46 (May 1984): 520-543; Patterson, "Campaign Spending in Contests for Governor," WPQ, 35 (Dec. 1982): 457-477; Holbrook-Provow, "National Factors in Gubernatorial Elections," APQ, 15 (Oct. 1987): 471-483; Tompkins, "Have Gubernatorial Elections Become More Distinctive Contests?" JOP, 50 (1988): 192-205; Beyle (ed.), Re-Electing the Governor (1986); Beyle (ed.), Gubernatorial Transitions: The 1982 Election (1985); Simon, "Presidents, Governors, and Electoral Accountability," JOP, 51 (May, 1989): 286-304; Lammers & Klingman, "Durable Governors and Political Leaders: Should We Limit Tenure?" Publius, 16 (Spring, 1986): 53-72; Howell & Vanderleeuw, "Economic Effects on State Governors," APQ, 18 (April 1990): 158-168; Stein, "Economic Voting for Governor and U.S. Senator: The Electoral Consequences of Federalism," JOP 52 (Feb., 1990): 29-53; Morehouse, "Money versus Party Effort: Nominating for Governor," AJPS, 34 (Aug., 1990): 706-724; Greene, "An Economic Investigation of Interstate Variation in Legislative Turnover," Public Finance Quarterly, 21 (Jan., 1993): 84-99; Berry and Canon, "Explaining the Competitiveness of Gubernatorial Primaries," JOP, 55 (May 1993): 454-471; Cook, Jelen, and Wilcox, "Issue Voting in Gubernatorial Elections: Abortion and Post-Webster Politics," JOP, 56 (Feb., 1994): 187-200; Simon, Ostrom, and Marra, "The President, Referendum Voting, and Subnational Elections in the United States," APSR, 85 (Dec., 1991): 1177-1192; Partin, "Economic Conditions and Gubernatorial Elections," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995): 81-95; Kone and Winters, "Taxes and Voting: Electoral Retribution in the American States," JOP, 55 (Feb., 1993): 22-40; Leyden & Borrelli, "The Effect of State Economic Conditions on Gubernatorial Elections: Does Unified Government Make a Difference?," PRQ, 48 (June 1995): 275-290; Svoboda, "Retrospective Voting in Gubernatorial Elections: 1982 and 1986," PRQ, 48 (March 1995): 135-150; Carsey and Wright, "State and National Factors in Gubernatorial and Senatorial Elections," AJPS, 42 (July 1998): 1008-1011.

Gubernatorial Power: Hebert, Brudney, and Wright, "Gubernatorial Influence and State Bureaucracy," APQ, 11 (April 1983): 243-264; Dometrius, "Measuring Gubernatorial Power," JOP, 41 (May 1979): 589-610; Dye, "Executive Power and Public Policy in the States," World Politics Quarterly, 22 (Dec. 1969): 926-939; Sigelman & Dometrius, "Governors and Chief Administrators," APQ, 16 (April, 1988): 157-170; Mueller, "Explaining Variation and Change in Gubernatorial Powers, 1960-1982," WPQ, 38 (Sept., 1985): 424-431.

Management: Beyle and Muchmore, Being Governor: The View from the Office (1983); Abney and Lauth, The Politics of State & City Administration (1986); Gosling, "Patterns of Stability and Change in Gubernatorial Policy Agendas," State and Local Government Review, 23 (Winter, 1991): 3-12; Beyle, Governors and Hard Times (1992).

May 5 Legislatures

Read: *Fiorina, "Divided Government in the American States: A Byproduct of Legislative Professionalism?," APSR, 88 (June 1994): 304-316; *Stonecash and Agathangelou, "Trends in the Partisan Composition of State Legislatures: A Response to Fiorina," APSR, 91 (March 1997): 148-162; *Squire, "The Theory of Legislative Institutionalization and the California Assembly," JOP, 54 (Nov. 1992): 1026-1054;

Recommended: Elections--Caldeira and Patterson, "Bringing Home the Votes: Electoral Outcomes in State Legislative Races," Political Behavior, 4 (1, 1982): 33-67; Francis and Baker, "Why Do U.S. State Legislators Vacate Their Seats? LSQ, 11 (Feb. 1986): 119-126; Crawley, "Electoral Competition, 1958-1984: Impact on State Legislative Turnover in the Indiana House," APQ, 14 (Jan-April, 1986): 105-127; Jewell & Breaux, "The Effect of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections," LSQ, 13 (Nov., 1988): 495-514; Squire, "Career Opportunities and Membership Stability in Legislatures," LSQ, 13 (Feb., 1988): 65-82; Tucker & Weber, "State Legislative Election Outcomes: Contextual Effects and Legislative Performance Effects," LSQ, 12 (Nov., 1987): 537-553; Weber, Tucker, and Brace, "Vanishing Marginals in State Legislative Elections," LSQ (Feb., 1991): 29-47; Garand, "Electoral Marginality in State Legislative Elections, 1968-86," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991): 7-27; Breaux, "Specifying the Impact of Incumbency on State Legislative Elections: A District-Level Analysis," APQ, 18 (July 1990): 270-286; Jewell and Breaux, "Southern Primary and Electoral Competition and Incumbent Success," LSQ, XVI (Feb., 1991): 129-143; Moncrief, "The Increase in Campaign Exp[enditures in State Legislative Elections, WPQ, 45 (June 1992): 549-558; Gelman and King," Enhancing Democracy Through Legislative Redistricting," APSR, 88 (Sept., 1994): 541-559; Cox and Morgenstern, "The Increasing Advantage of Incumbency in the U.S. States," LSQ, XVIII (Nov., 1993): 495-514; Gierzynski and Breaux, "Money and the Party Vote in State House Elections," LSQ, LVIII (Nov., 1993): 515-533; Malbin and Benjamin, "Legislatures After Term Limits," in Benjamin and Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms (1992): 209-222; Van Dunk, "Challenger Quality in State Legislature Elections," PRQ, 50 (Dec., 1997): 793-808; Little, "On the Coattails of a Contract: RNC Activities and Republican Gains in the 1994 State Legislative Elections," PRQ, 51 (March 1998): 173-190.

Case Studies: Muir, Legislature: California's School for Politics (1982); Jewell & Miller, The Kentucky Legislature: Two Decades of Change (1988); Hanson et al., Tribune of the People (1989); Loomis, Time, Politics, & Policies (Kansas) (1994); Loftus, The Art of Legislative Politics (Wisconsin) (1994).

Decisionmaking: Francis, Legislative Issues in the Fifty States (1967); Carmines, "The Mediating Influence of State Legislatures on the Linkage Between Interparty Competition and Welfare Policies," APSR, 68 (Sept. 1974): 1118-1124; Thompson, "Bringing Home the Bacon: The Politics of Pork Barrel in the North Carolina Legislature," LSQ, 11 (Feb. 1986): 91-108; Entman, "The Impact of Ideology on Legislative Behavior and Public Policy in the States," JOP, 45 (1, 1983): 163-182; Francis and Weber, "Legislative Issues in the 50 States: Managing Complexity Through Classification," LSQ, 3 (Aug., 1980): 407-421; Browne, "Some Social & Political Conditions of Issue Credibility: Legislative Agendas in the American States," Polity, 20 (Winter 1987): 296-315; Hamm, "The Role of 'Subgovernments' in U.S. State Policy Making: An Exploratory Analysis," LSQ, XI (Aug., 1986): 321-351; Mooney, "Putting It on Paper," APQ, 20 (July 1992): 345-365; Dow and Endersby, "Campaign Contributions and Legislative Voting in the California Assembly," APQ, 22 (July 1994): 334-353.

Committees and Leadership: Francis, "Legislative Committee Systems, Optimal Committee Size, and The Costs of Decision Making," JOP, 44 (1982): 822-837; Francis, "Leadership, Party Caucuses, and Committees in U.S. State Legislatures," LSQ, 10 (May 1985): 243-257; Francis and Riddlesperger, "U.S. State Legislative Committees: Structure, Procedural Efficiency, and Party Control," LSQ, 7 (Nov. 1982): 453-471; Ray, "Assessing the Performance of State Legislative Committees: A Case Study and A Proposed Research Agenda," WPQ, 39 (March 1986): 126-137; Francis, The Legislative Committee Game (1989); Hamm and Hedlund, "Accounting for Change in the Number of State Legislative Committee Positions," LSQ, XV (May 1990): 201-226; Holbrook and Tidmarch, "The Effects of Leadership Positions on Votes for Incembents in State Legislative Elections," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993): 897-910; Freeman and Hedlund, "The Functions of Committee Change in State Legislatures," PRQ, 46 (Dec., 1993): 911-930.

Oversight: Rosenthal, "Legislative Behavior and Legislative Oversight," LSQ, 6 (Feb. 1981): 115-131; Hamm and Robertson, "Factors Influencing the Adoption of New Methods of Legislative Oversight in the U.S. States," LSQ, 6 (Feb. 1981): 133-150; Lyons and Thomas, "Oversight in State Legislatures," APQ, 10 (Jan 1982): 117-133; Elling, "The Utility of State Legislative Casework as a Means of Oversight," LSQ, 4 (August 1979): 353-379; Elling, "State Legislative Casework and State Administrative Performance," Administration and Society, 12 (Nov. 1980): 327-356; Freeman and Richardson, "Casework in State Legislatures," State and Local Government Review, 26 (Winter 1994): 21-26; Richardson & Freeman, "Gender Differences in Constituency Service Among State Legislators," PRQ, 48 (March 1995): 169-180.

Structure and Reform: Citizens Conference on State Legislatures, The Sometimes Governments (1971); Chaffey, "The Institutionalization of State Legislatures: A Comparative Study," WPQ, 23 (1980): 180-196; Roeder, "State Legislative Reform," APQ, 7 (Jan. 1979): 51-70; Hedlund, "Organizational Attributes of Legislatures: Structure, Rules, Norms, Resources," LSQ, 9 (Feb. 1984): 51-121; Francis, "Costs and Benefits of Legislative Service in the American States," AJPS, 29 (Aug. 1985): 626-657; Patterson, Ripley, and Quinlan, "Citizens' Orientations Toward Legislatures: Congress and the State Legislature," WPQ, 45 (June, 1992): 315-338; Rosenthal, Drawing the Line (1996).

Representation: Ingram, Laney, McCain, A Policy Approach to Political Representation: Lessons from the Four Corners States (1980); Wahlke et al, The Legislative System (1962); Jewell, Representation in State Legislatures (1982); Rosenthal, The Decline of Representative Democracy (1998).

General: Jewell, "The State of U.S. State Legislative Research," LSQ, 6 (Feb., 1981): 1-15; Rosenthal, Legislative Life (1981); Berkman, "Former State Legislators in the U.S. House of Representatives, LSQ, XVIII (Feb., 1993): 77-104; Caldeira, Clark, Patterson, "Political Respect in the Legislature," LSQ, XVIII (Feb. 1993): 3-28.

Professionalization: Fiorina, Divided Government (1992), chs. 3-4; Ehrenhalt, The United States of Ambition (1991); Benjamin and Malbin (eds.), Limiting Legislative Terms (1992); Squire, "Professionalization and Public Opinion of State Legislators," JOP, 55 (May 1993): 479-491; Caress, "The Impact of Term Limits on Legislative Behavior: An Examination of a Transitional Legislature," PS (Dec., 1996): 671-676.

Gubernatorial-Legislative Relations: Lauth, "The Governor and the Conference Committee in Georgia," LSQ, XV (Aug., 1990): 441-453; Rosenthal, Governors & Legislatures: Contending Powers (1990); Bowman and Kearney, "Dimensions of State Government Capability," WPQ, 41 (1988): 341-362.

Women: Thomas, How Women Legislate (1994); Kathlene, "Power and Influence in State Legislative Policymaking: The Interaction of Gender and Position in Committee Hearing Debates," APSR, 88 (Sept., 1994): 560-576; Jewell and Whicker, Legislative Leadership in the American States, 1994; Thomas, "The Impact of Women on State Legislative Policies," JOP, 53 (Nov., 1991): 958-976; Dolan and Ford, "Women in the State Legislatures," APQ, 23 (Jan., 1995): 96-108; Dolan & Ford, "Change and Continuity Among Women State Legislators: Evidence From Three Decades," PRQ, 50 (March 1997): 137-151.

May 12 Courts

Read: *Tarr and Porter, State Supreme Courts in State and Nation (1988), chs. 1, 2, and 6, and either ch. 3 or 4 or 5; *Kilwein & Brisbin, "Policy Convergence in a Federal Judicial System: The Application of Intensified Scrutiny Doctrines by State Supreme Courts," AJPS, 41 (Jan 1997): 122-148; *Brace and Hall, "The Interplay of Preferences, Case Facts, Context, and Rules in the Politics of Judicial Choice," JOP, 59 (Nov. 1997): 1206-1231.

Recommended: Impact and Policy: Tarr, Judicial Impact and State Supreme Courts (1977); Porter and Tarr (eds.), State Supreme Courts: Policymakers in the Federal System (1982); Feig, "Looking at Supreme Court Impact in Context," APQ, 13 (April 1985): 167-187; Wheeler et al, "Do the `Haves` Come Out Ahead? Winning and Losing in State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970," Law & Society Review, 21 (#3, 1987): 403-445.

General: Fino, The Role of State Supreme Courts in the New Judicial Federalism (1987); special issue of Publius, March 1987; Glick, Supreme Courts in State Politics (1971); Daniels, "A Tangled Tale: Studying State Supreme Courts," Law and Society Review, 22 (#5, 1988): 833-868; Stumpf and Culver, The Politics of State Courts (1992).

Diffusion Studies: Caldeira, "Legal Precedent: Structures of Communication Between State Supreme Courts," Social Networks, 10 (1988): 29-55; Caldeira, "On the Reputation of State Supreme Courts," Political Behavior, 5 (#1, 1983): 83-108; Canon and Baum, "Patterns of Adoption of Tort Law Innovations: An Application of Diffusion Theory to Judicial Doctrines." APSR, 75 (Dec. 1981): 975-987; Puro, Gergerson, Puro, "An Analysis of Judicial Diffusion: Adoption of the Missouri Plan in the American States, Publius, 15 (Fall 1985): 85-97; Harris, "Ecology and Culture in the Communication of Precedent Among State Supreme Courts, 1870-1970, Law & Society Review, 19 (3, 1985): 449-486; Friedman, Kagan, Cartwright, Wheeler, "State Supreme Courts: A Century of Style and Citation," Stanford Law Review, 33 (May 1981): 773-818; Caldeira, "The Transmission of Legal Precedent: A Study of State Supreme Courts," APSR, 79 (March 1985): 178-193.

Elections: Lovich and Sheldon, "Assessing Judicial Elections: Effects upon the Electorate of High and Low Articulation Systems," WPQ, 38 (June 1985): 276-293; Dubois, "Penny for Your Thoughts? Campaign Spending in California Trial Court Elections, 1976-1982," WPQ, 39 (June 1986): 265-284; Hall, "Constituent Influence in State Supreme Courts: Conceptual Notes and a Case Study," JOP, 49 (1987): 1117-1124; Squire and Smith, "The Effect of Partisan Information on Voters in Nonpartisan Elections," JOP, 50 (1988): 169-179; Hall and Aspin, "What Twenty Years of Judicial Retention Elections Have Told Us," Judicature, 70 (April/May, 1987): 340-347; Culver and Wold, "Rose Bird and the Politics of Judicial Accountability in California," Judicature, 70 (Aug/Sept, 1986): 81-89; Wold and Culver, "The Defeat of the California Justices: the Campaign, the Electorate, and the Issue of Judicial Accountability," Judicature, 70 (April/May, 1987): 348-364; Haydel, "Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965: A Challenge to State Judicial Election Systems," Judicature, 73 (Aug-Sept., 1989): 68-89; Alozie, "Distribution of Women and Minority Judges: The Effects of Judicial Selection Methods," SSQ, 71 (June 1990): 315-325; Graham, "Do Judicial Selection Systems Matter?: A Study of Black Representation on State Courts," APQ, 18 (July 1990): 316-336; Kagan, Infelise, and Detlefsen, "American State Supreme Court Justics, 1990-1970," American Bar Foundation Research Journal (1984): 371-408; Dubois, "The Politics of Innovation in State Courts: The Merit Plan of Judicial Selection," Publius, 20 (Winter, 1990): 23-42.

Court Services and Administration: Grossman, Kritzer, Bumiller, "Dimensions of Institutional Participation: Who Uses the Courts, and How?" JOP, 44 (Feb. 1982): 86-114; Glick, "Innovation in State Judicial Administration," APQ, 9 (Jan. 1981): 49-69;

Judicial Behavior: Brace and Hall, "Neo-Institutionalism and Dissent in State Supreme Courts," JOP, 52 (Feb., 1990): 54-70; Allen and Wall, "The Behavior of Women State Supreme Court Justices: Are They Tokens or Outsiders?," The Justice System Journal, 12 (#2, 1987): 232-245; Hagan, "Patterns of Activism on State Supreme Courts," Publius, 18 (Winter, 1988): 97-115; Dubois, "The Illusion of Judicial Consensus Revisited: Partisan Conflict on an Intermediate State Court of Appeals," AJPS, 32 (#4, 1988): 946-967; Scheb, Bowen, and Anderson, "Ideology, Role Orientations, and Behavior in the State Courts of Last Resort," APQ, 19 (July, 1991): 324-335; Swinford, "A Predictive Model of Decision Making in State Supreme Courts: The School Financing Cases," APQ, 19 (July, 1991): 336-352; Hall, "Electoral Politics and Strategic Voting in State Supreme Courts," JOP, 54 (May, 1992): 427-446; Brace and Hall, "Integrated Models of Judicial Dissent," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993): 914-935; Emmert and Traut, "The California Supreme Court and the Death Penalty," APQ, 22 (Jan., 1994): 41-61; Epstein, "Exploring the Participation of Organized Interests in State Court Litigation," PRQ, 47 (June, 1994): 335-353; Brace & Hall, "Studying Courts Comparatively: The View from the American States," PRQ, 48 (March 1995): 5-30; Songer & Kuersten, "The Success of Amici in State Supreme Courts," PRQ, 48 (March 1995): 31-42; Beavers and Walz, "Modeling Judicial Federalism: Predictors of State Court Protections of Defendants' Rights Under State Constitutions, 1969-1989," Publius, 28 (Spring 1998): 43-60.

May 19 The Opinion-Policy Linkage

Read: Erikson, Wright, and McIver, Statehouse Democracy: Public Opinion and Policy in the American States (1993); *Berry, Ringquist, Fording, and Hanson, "Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960-93," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998): 337-348.

Recommended: Klingmen and Lammers, "The 'General Policy Liberalism' Factor in American State Politics," AJPS, 28 (August 1984): 598-610; Holbrook-Provow and Poe, "Measuring State Political Ideology," APQ, 15 (July 1987): 399-416; Jones and Miller, "State Polls: Promising Data Sources for Political Research," JOP, 46 (Nov., 1984): 1182-1192; Wright, Erikson, McIver, "Measuring State Partisanship and Ideology with Survey Data," JOP, 47 (May 1985): 469-489; Uslaner and Weber, "Policy Congruence and American State Elites: Descriptive Representation versus Electoral Accountability," JOP, 45 (1, 1983): 183-196; Pruet and Glick, "Social Environment, Public Opinion, and Judicial Policymaking," APQ, 14 (Jan-April 1986): 5-33; Lowery, Gray, and Hager, "Public Opinion and Policy Changes in the American States," APQ, 17 (Jan., 1989): 3-31; Weber, Public Policy Preferences in the States; Erikson, "The Relationship Between Public Opinion and State Policy: A New Look Based on Some Forgotten Data," AJPS, 20 (Feb. 1976): 25-36; Weber and Shaffer, "Public Opinion and American State Policy-Making," MJPS, 16 (Nov. 1972): 683-699; Hopkins, "Opinion Publics and Support for Public Policy in the American States," AJPS, 18 (Feb. 1974): 167-178; ; Wright, Erikson, McIver, "Public Opinion and Policy Liberalism in the American States," AJPS, 31 (4, 1987): 980-100); Erikson, Wright, McIver, "Political Parties, Public Opinion, and State Policy in the United States," APSR, 83 (Sept., 1989): 729-750; Roeder, Public Opinion and Policy Leadership in the American States (1994); Hill & Hinton-Andersson, "Pathways of Representation: A Causal Analysis of Public Opinion-Policy Linkages," AJPS, 39 (Nov., 1995): 924-935.

Initiative: Lascher, Hagen, & Rochlin, "Gun Behind the Door? Ballot Initiatives, State Policies & Public Opinion," JOP, 58 (Aug., 1996): 760-775; Gerber, "Legislative Response to the Threat of Popular Initiatives," AJPS, 40 (Feb., 1996), 99-128; Gerber, "Legislatures, Initiatives, and Representation: The Effects of State Legislative Institutions on Policy," PRQ, 49 (June 1996): 263-286; Bowler, Donovan, and Tolbert, eds., Citizens as Legislators: Direct Democracy in the United States (1998).

May 26 Public Policy: Economic and Political Explanations

Read: *Plotnick and Winters, "A Politico-Economic Theory of Income Redistribution," APSR, 79 (June 1985): 458-473; *Grogan, "Political-Economic Factors Influencing State Medicaid Policy," PRQ, 47 (Sept., 1994): 589-622 & Correction, PRQ, 49 (Sept. 1996): 673-676; *Brown, "Party Cleavages and Welfare Effort in the American States," APSR, 89 (March 1995): 23-33; *Smith, "The Nature of Party Governance: Connecting Conceptualization and Meawsurement," AJPS, 41 (July 1997): 1042-1056.

Recommended: Classic Studies: Dawson and Robinson, "Interparty Competition, Economic Variables, and Welfare Policies in the American States," JOP, 25 (May 1963): 265-289; Dye, Politics, Economics and the Public (1966); Sharkansky, Spending in the American States; Sharkansky and Hofferbert, "Dimensions of State Politics, Economics, and Public Policy," APSR, 63 (Sept. 1969): 867-879; Cnudde and McCrone, "Party Competition and Welfare Policies in the American States," APSR, 63 (Sept. 1969); Hofferbert, "The Relation Between Public Policy and Some Structural and Environmental Variables in the American States," APSR, 60 (March 1966): 73-82; Hofferbert, "Ecological Development and Policy Change in the American States," MJPS, 10 (Nov. 1966): 464-483; Hofferbert, "Socio-economic Dimensions of the American States: 1890-1960," MJPS, 12 (Aug. 1968): 401-418; Fry and Winters, "The Politics of Redistribution," APSR, 64 (June 1970): 508-522; Jennings, "Competition, Constitutencies, and Welfare Policies in American States," APSR, 73 (June, 1979): 414-429.

Later Studies--Garand, "Partisan Change and Shifting Expenditure Priorities in the American States, 1945-1978," APQ, 13 (Oct., 1985): 355-391; Gray, "A Reformulation of the Effect of Party Competition on State Policy: Organizational Survival," Polity, 7 (Winter 1974): 248-263; Jennings, "Some Policy Consequences of the Long Revolution and Bifactional Rivalry in Louisiana," AJPS, 21 (May 1977): 225-246; Lewis-Beck, "The Relative Importance of Socioeconomic and Political Variables for Public Policy," APSR, 71 (June 1977): 559-566; Gray, "Models of Comparative State Politics: A Comparison of Cross-Sectional and Time Series Aanlyses," AJPS, 20 (May 1976): 235-256; Uslaner, "Comparative State Policy Formation, Interparty Competition and Malapportionment: A New Look at V.O. Key's Hypothesis," JOP, 40 (May 1978): 409-432; Tompkins, "A Causal Model of State Welfare Expenditures," JOP, 37 (May 1975): 392-416; Tucker, "It's About Time: The Use of Time in Cross-Sectional State Policy Research," AJPS, 26 (Feb. 1982): 176-196; Winters, "Party Control and Policy Change," AJPS, 20 (Nov. 1976): 597-636; Booms and Halldorson, "The Politics of Redistribution: A Reformulation," APSR, 67 (Sept 1973): 924-933; Sullivan, "A Note on Redistributive Politics," APSR, 66 (Dec. 1972): 1301-1305; De Leon, "Politics, Economic Surplus and Redistribution in the American States: A Test of a Theory," AJPS, 17 (Nov 1973): 781-796; Fry, "An Examination of the Relationship Between Selected Electoral Characteristics and State Redistributive Efforts," AJPS, 18 (May 1974); Hanson, "The 'Content' of Welfare Policy: The States and Aid to Families with Dependent Children," JOP, 45 (Aug. 1983): 771-785; Lowery, Konda, and Garand, "Spending in the States: A Test of Six Models," WPQ, 37 (March 1984): 48-66; Sigelman, Lowery, and Smith, "The Tax Revolt: A Comparative State Analysis," WPQ, 36 (March 1983): 30-51; Garand, "Government Growth in the States: A Longitudinal Test of Competing Explanations," APSR, 82 (Sept. 1988); Garand, "Measuring Government Growth in the American States," APQ, 16 (Oct., 1988): 405-424; Hanson, "Medicaid and the Politics of Redistribution," AJPS, 28 (May, 1984): 313-339; Morgan and Hirlinger, "Socioeconomic Dimensions of the American States: An Update," SSQ, 70 (March 1989): 184-196; Plotnick and Winters, "Party, Political Liberalism, and Redistribution: An Application to the American States," APQ, 18 (Oct., 1990): 430-458; Peterson and Rom, Welfare Magnets (1990); Hwang and Gray, "External Limits and Internal Determinants of State Public Policy," WPQ, 44 (June, 1991): 277-298; Dye, "Party and Policy in the States," JOP, 46 (Nov., 1984): 1098-1116; Barrilleaux and Miller, "The Political Economy of State Medicaid Policy," APSR, 82 (Dec., 1988): 1089-1107; Tweedie, "Resources Rather Than Needs: A State-Centered Model of Welfare Policymaking," AJPS, 38 (Aug., 1994): 651-672; *Alt and Lowry, "Divided Government, Fiscal Institutions, and Budget Deficits: Evidence from the States," APSR, 88 (Dec., 1994): 811-828; Radcliff & Saiz, "Race, Turnout, and Public Policy in the American States," PRQ, 48 (Dec., 1995): 775-794; Berch, "Explaining Changes in Tax Incidence in the States," PRQ, 48 (Sept., 1995): 629-642; Fording, "The Conditional Effect of Violence as a Political Tactic: Mass Insurgency, Welfare Generosity, & Electoral Context in the American States," AJPS, 41 (Jan., 1997): 1-29; Mooney & Lee, "Legislating Morality in the American States: The Case of Pre-Roe Abortion Regulation Reform," AJPS, 39 (Aug., 1995): 599-627; Haider-Markel and O'Brien, "Creating a 'Well Regulated Militia': Policy Responses to Paramilitary Groups in the American States," PRQ, 50 (Sept., 1997): 551-566; Haider-Markel, "The Politics of Social Regulatory Policy: State and Federal Hate Crime Policy and Implementation Effort," PRQ, 51 (March 1998): 69-88; Schram, Nitz, and Krueger, "Without Cause or Effect: Reconsidering Welfare Migration as a Policy Problem," AJPS, 42 (Jan. 1998): 210-230; Barrilleaux, "A Test of the Independent Influences of Electoral Competition and Party Strength in a Model of State Policy-Making," AJPS, 41 (Oct., 1997): 1462-1466; Radcliff and Saiz, "Labor Organization and Public Policy in the American States," JOP, 60 (Feb., 1998): 113-125; Peterson and Rom, "American Federalism, Welfare Policy, and Residential Choices," APSR, 83 (Sept., 1989): 711-728.

June 2 Diffusion of Innovations

Read: *Walker, "The Diffusion of Innovations in the American States," APSR, 63 (Sept., 1969): 880-899; *Berry & Berry, "State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis," APSR, 84 (June, 1990): 395-416; *Mintrom, "Policy Entrepreneurs and the Diffusion of Innovation, AJPS, 41 (July 1997): 738-770.

Recommended: Downs, Bureaucracy, Innovation and Public Policy (1976); Gray, "Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study," APSR, 67 (Dec., 1973): 1174-1193; Grupp and Richards, "Variations in Elite Perceptions of American States as Referents for Public Policy Making," APSR, 69 (Sept. 1975): 850-858; Eyestone, "Confusion, Diffusion and Innovation," APSR, 71 (June 1977): 441-447; Gray, "Expenditures and Innovation as Dimensions of Progressivism: A Note on the American States," AJPS, 18 (Nov. 1974): 634-700; Gray and Williams, The Organizational Politics of Criminal Justice (1980); Berry and Berry, "Tax Innovation in the States: Capitalizing on Political Opportunity," AJPS, 36 (Aug., 1992): 715-742; Gray, "State Legislatures and Policy Innovators," in Silbey (ed.), Encyclopedia of the American Legislative System (1994): 1347-1360; Gray, "Competition, Emulation, and Policy Innovation," in Dodd and Jillson (eds.), Governing Processes and Political Change (1994): 230-248; Glick and Hays, "Innovation and Reinvention in State Policymaking: Theory and the Evolution of Living Will Laws," JOP, 53 (Aug., 1991): 835-850; Glick, The Right to Die: Policy Innovation and Its Consequences (1992); Savage, "Diffusion Research Traditions and the Spread of Policy Innovations in a Federal System," Publius, 15 (Fall 1985): 1-27; Hays, "Influences on Reinvention During the Diffusion of Innovations," PRQ, 49 (Sept., 1996): 631-650; Skocpol, Howard, Lehmann, and Abend-Wein, "Women's Associations and the Enactment of Mothers' Pensions in the United States," APSR, 87 (Sept., 1993): 686-701 and comment, APSR, 89 (Sept, 1995): 710-730; Mintrom and Vergari, "Policy Networks and Innovation Diffusion: The Case of State Education Reforms," JOP, 60( Feb, 1998): 126-148.

Other Topics:

Health Policy: Rich and White, eds., Health Policy, Federalism, and the American States (1996); Fox and Iglehart, eds., Five States That Could Not Wait (1994); Leichter, ed., Health Policy Reform in America: Innovations from the States, 2nd (199x).

Economic Policy: Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State (1988); Yanarella and Green (eds.), The Politics of Industrial Recruitment (1990); Ambrosius & Welch, "State Legislators' Perceptions of Business and Labor Interest," LSQ, 13 (May, 1988): 199-209; Ambrosius, "The Role of Occupational Interests in State Economic Development Policy-Making," WPQ, 42 (#3, 1989): 53-68; Hansen, "Targeting in Economic Development: Comparative State Perspectives," Publius, 19 (Spring, 1989): 47-62; Hyde, Hudson, & Carroll, "Business and State Economic Development," WPQ, 41 (March, 1988): 181-191; Brace and Mucciaroni, "The American States and the Shifting Locus of Positive Economic Intervention," PSR, 10 (Fall, 1990): 151-173; Eisinger, "Review Essay: The State of State Venture Capitalism," EDQ, 5 (Feb., 1991): 64-76; Hanson and Berkman, "Gauging the Rainmakers: Toward a Meterorology of State Legislative Climates," EDQ, 5 (Aug., 1991): 213-228; Eisinger, "State Venture Capitalism, State Politics, and the World of High-Risk Investment," EDQ, 7 (May 1993): 131-139; Hanson, "Bidding for Business: A Second War Between the States?," EDQ, 7 (May 1993): 183-198; Portz, "State Economic Development Programs: The Trials and Tribulations of Implementation," EDQ, 7 (May 1993): 160-171; Fox, "The Influence of Political Conditions on Foreign Firm Location Decisions in the American States (1974-1989)," PRQ, 49 (March 1996): 51-76.

Economic Growth: Dye, "Taxing, Spending and Economic Growth in the American States," JOP, 42 (Nov. 1980): 1085-1109; Brace, "Isolating the Economies of States," APQ, 17 (July, 1989): 256-276; Gray & Lowery, "Interest Group Politics and Economic Growth in the U.S. States," APSR, 82 (March 1988): 109-132, and Brace, Cohen, Gray, & Lowery, "How Much Do Interest Groups Influence State Economic Growth?" APSR, 83 (Dec., 1989): 1297-1308; Jones, "Public Policies and Economic Growth in the American States," JOP, 52 (Feb., 1990): 219-233; Hendrick and Garand, "Variation in State Economic Growth: Decomposing State, Regional, and National Effects," JOP, 53 (Nov., 1991): 1093-1110; Brace, "The Changing Context of State Political Economy," JOP, 53 (May 1991): 297-317; Garand, "Changing Patterns of Relative State Economic Growth Over Time: Limitations on Cross-Sectional Tests of Olson's Thesis," WPQ, 45 (June, 1992): 469-484; Brace, State Government and Economic Performance (1993).

Corporatism: Hansen, "Industrial Policy and Corporatism in the American States," Governance, 2 (April, 1989): 172-197; Hudson, Hyde, & Carroll, "Corporatist Policy Making & State Economic Development," Polity, 9 (Spring, 1987): 402-418; Gray and Lowery, "Corporatism Without Labor?: Industrial Policymaking in the American States," Journal of Public Policy, 11 (#3, 1992): 315-329; Gray and Lowery, "The Corporatist Foundations of State Industrial Policy," SSQ, 71 (March 1990): 3-24

Effectiveness of Economic Policy: Ambrosius, "The Effectiveness of State Economic Development Policies: A Time-Series Analysis," WPQ, 42 (Sept., 1989): 283-300; Lowery and Gray, "Holding Back the Tide of Bad Economic Times: The Compensatory Impact of State Industrial Policy," SSQ, 73 (Sept., 1992): 483-495; Lowery and Gray, "The Compensatory Impact of State Industrial Policy: An Empirical Assessment of Midterm Effects," SSQ, 76 (June 1995): 438-446.

The State and state policy: Pavalko, "State Timing of Policy Adoption: Workmen's Compensation in the United States, 1909-1929," AJS, 95 (Nov., 1989): 592-615; Skocpol, Protecting Soldiers and Mothers (1992).

Regulation: Williams and Matheny, "Testing Theories of Social Regulation: Hazardous Waste Regulation in the American States," JOP, 46 (May 1984): 428-458; Berry, "Utility Regulation in the States: The Policy Effects of Professionalism and Salience to the Consumer," AJPS, 23 (May 1979): 263-277; Gormley, The Politics of Public Utility Regulation (1983); Gormley, "Policy, Politics, and Public Utility Regulation," AJPS, 27 (Feb. 1983): 86-105; Lester, Franke, Bowman, Kramer, "Hazardous Wastes, Politics, and Public Policy: A Comparative State Analysis," WPQ; Williams and Matheny, Democracy, Dialogue, and Social Regulation: Being Fair versus Being Right (forthcoming, 1995); Ringquist, "Does Regulation Matter? Evaluating the Effects of State Air Pollution Control Programs," JOP, 55 (Nov., 1993): 1022-1045; Ringquist, "Testing Theories of State Policy-Making," APQ, 21 (July 1993): 320-342.

IGR: Anton, American Federalism & Public Policy (1989), chs. 1-6, 9; Chubb, "The Political Economy of Federalism," APSR, 79 (Dec., 1985): 994-1015; Reagan, The New Federalism, 2nd ed; Riker, Federalism; Dahl & Tufte, Size and Democracy; Beer, "Federalism, Nationalism, and Democracy in America," APSR, 72 (March 1978): 9-21; Rosenthal & Hoefler, "Competing Approaches to the Study of American Federalism and Intertovernmental Relations," Publius, 19 (Winter, 1989): 1-23; Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States, 3rd ed. (1984); Derthick, The Influence of Federal Grants; Peterson et al, When Federalism Works (1986); Nathan et al, Reagan and the States (1987); Eisinger and Gormley, The Midwest Response to the New Federalism (1988); Conlan, New Federalism: Intergovernmental Reform from Nixon to Reagan (1988); Dye, American Federalism (1990); Donahue, Disunited States (1997); Hanson, ed., Governing Partners: State-Local Relations in the United States (1998).

Teaching and Research Resources

Publius is a scholarly periodical on federalism; it has an annual issue on the state of federalism.

Governing: the States and Localities, a monthly publication of CQ; journalistic.

Comparative State Politics, a quarterly newsletter for researchers in the subfield. Published at Sangamon State University; not refereed.

Spectrum, a quarterly journal published by Council of State Governments; semi-scholarly.

State Government News, a monthly magazine published by Council of State Governments; not scholarly.

Economic Development Quarterly, published by Sage, contains articles on economic development by scholars and practitioners.

State and Local Government Review, a journal of research and viewpoints on state and local government issues. Published at University of Georgia; refereed.

Book of the States is a biennial publication of Council of State Governments. Contains rankings of states on every conceivable dimension. Current volume is at Reference Desk, back volumes in Government Documents.

"bluebook" is generic name for each state's government organization manual. In Government Documents.

Barone, Almanac of American Politics, annual publication containing short political history, election returns of states. Reference.

State Politics and Government series published by University of Nebraska Press will include a volume on every state.

NewsBank Index (1981 to present). This service provides access to the contents of newspapers from more than 400 U.S. cities. Selected articles of broad interest are reproduced on microfiche and indexed monthly (with quarterly and annual cumulations). The articles are on microfiche and filed by unique numbers in metal cabinets near the entrance to the newspaper room in the basement of Wilson Library. Check with Reference staff for assistance.

Web sites: for links to each state's Web site, check my home page, look for 5315 resources.

Beyle (ed.), State Government: CQ's Guide to Current Issues and Activities, a collection of popular reprints published every fall. Suitable as supplementary text.